Honghao Zheng

I examine the effects of downstream buyer power from coal-fired power plants on the organization of production in the upstream coal mining industry in China. I estimate a structural model of coal mines featuring (i) joint production of coal and worker safety and (ii) endogenous safety choices and factor-augmenting productivity. To identify the causal effects of buyer power on coal mining outcomes, I employ a shift-share instrumental variable, leveraging exogenous variations stemming from a restructuring of the electricity sector. I find an unintended but life-and-death consequence associated with market power—buyer power exposure leads to higher provincial death rates, also corroborated by lower safety-coal output ratios at the mine level. The underlying mechanism is that exposure to buyer power prompts coal mines to shift toward less capital-intensive, more traditional, and less safe mining technologies, leading to higher death rates. Finally, back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that the decline in buyer power due to the electricity sector restructuring explains 53% of the improvement in coal mining death rates. The findings provide a new perspective on understanding the shared experience of high mining death rates in developed and developing countries over different historical periods.

We study how economies with distinct development phases can preferably curtail emissions. We exploit unique variations of heterogeneous regulations—absolute- and intensity-type emission regulations in the context of carbon emission trading schemes (ETS) in China. Using an extensive array of rich data, we employ a difference-in-differences empirical strategy to examine the behaviors of all primary margins of adjustment to ETS from the demand to the supply side of energy. We find that, under imperfect markets and incomplete regulation, both types of ETS can induce carbon mitigation but with distinct tradeoffs. Aggregate impacts suggest overall annual reductions in energy consumption by 23% and 9% of yearly energy consumption in ETS with absolute- and intensity-type emission regulations, respectively.

We study the consequences of market power on both consumer surplus and environmental benefits in China's cement industry, where collusive producer behavior is frequently alleged. We develop a structural framework combining demand and production approaches to identify unobserved conduct. Using the estimated structural parameters, we quantify the unintended environmental benefits of collusion and design corresponding environmental policies conditional on different objective functions of the government.

We examine the effects of demand uncertainty on productivity and technological adoption in the German coal mining industry, utilizing a unique demand-smoothing industrial policy with downstream steel sector. We conduct a difference-in-differences investigation exploiting variations in coal mines' suitability to produce coke as input for downstream steel production. We estimate that demand certainty increases productivity by up to 10% and the share of mechanized production by 10 percentage points. Relying on a direct measure of demand uncertainty—canceled worker shifts due to insufficient demand, we find the policy significantly reduces coal mines' demand uncertainty.

We estimate the impact of credit access on labor market power considering capital-skill complementarity, by investigating an intangible collateral reform in Norway. We take advantage of a wide range of novel Norwegian data regarding household tax returns, employer-employee relationships, firm-bank loan information, and firm balance sheets, along with a production function approach, to estimate heterogeneous labor market power over high- and low-skilled labor. The idea is to understand how imperfections in capital and labor input markets are related.